My Account | Login | Checkout
You are not logged in
Login
 

Enter the search term for the product you are looking for below:

BEST SELLERS OF 2009 BEST SELLERS OF 2008 BEST SELLERS OF 2007 BEST SELLERS OF 2006 5 STRING BASS 6 STRING BASS ACCESSORIES ARTIST/AUTHORS BANDS BEGINNING BASS BOOKS CLOSEOUTS/BARGAINS DIGITAL DOWNLOADS ---VIDEO DOWNLOADS ---E-BOOKS & MP3S MUSIC CDS MUSIC STYLES ---BE-BOP ---BLUEGRASS ---BLUES ---CLASSICAL ---CONTEMPORARY ---COUNTRY ---CUBAN ---DISCO ---DIXIE ---FLAMENCO ---FUNK ---GRUNGE ---HEAVY METAL ---HIP-HOP ---HOLIDAY/CHRISTMAS ---JAZZ/FUSION ---LATIN ---AFRICAN ---AFRO-CARIBBEAN ---AFRO-CUBAN ---SALSA ---METAL ---MULTIPLE STYLES---R&B ---REGGAE ---ROCK ---ROCKABILLY ---SLAP ---SWING ---WALKING BASS LINES ---WORLD ---WORSHIP OTHER PERFORMANCE VIDEOS PLAY-ALONGS PUBLISHERS ---12 TONE MUSIC ---ACADEMY OF MUSIC ---ADG PUBLICATIONS ---ALFRED PUBLISHING ---ADVANCE MUSIC ---BACK BEAT BOOKS ---BASSLINE PUBLISHING---BERKLEE PRESS---BIG FISH AUDIO---CARL FISCHER---CENTERSTREAM ---CHERRY LANE---DCI ---EMEDIA ---GFG MUSIC---GRACE BASS ---HAL LEONARD ---HOMESPUN VIDEO ---HOT LICKS ---HOUSTON PUBLISHING---HUDSON MUSIC---ICONS OF ROCK ---INDEPENDENT AUTHORS---JAMEY ABERSOLD ---KOALA PUBLISHING---MASTER STUDY SERIES---MEL BAY---MJS MUSIC---MOLTO MUSIC ---MUSE-EEK ---MUSIC MINUS ONE ---MUSIC SALES ---MUSICIANS INSTITUTE ---RAILROAD MEDIA ---ROCK HOUSE METHOD ---REH VIDEO ---ROUNDER---SANTORELLA PUBLCTNS---SHER MUSIC---STAR LICKS ---STOCKTONES MUSIC ---STUDIO BASS PLAYER ---U OF MIAMI MUSIC---VIDEO PROGRESSIONS---WARNER BROTHERS---WILEY PUBLISHINGREAL BOOKSSKILL DEVELOPMENT ---ARPEGGIOS ---BASS & DRUMS STUDIES---CHORD STUDIES---FINGER PICKING ---FRETBOARD STUDIES---EAR TRAINING---FRETLESS---GROOVES ---HARMONICS ---IMPROVISATION ---MUTING ---SCALES AND MODES---SIGHT READING---SOLOING ---TAPPING ---TECHNIQUE ---THEORY ---TIME SIGNATURESSOFTWARE (PROGRAMS)SPANISH/ESPAÑOL UNDER $10UPRIGHT BASS ---ARCO BASS ---ARCO BASS (JAZZ) ---BEGINNER UPRIGHT ---DOUBLE BASS ---JAZZ ---LATIN ---SLAP BASS VIDEOS ---DVD

Products

Page 1 of 2

100 FRETLESS BASS WORKOUTS

click to see more
click to see more

5 Reviews

Fretless bass is a unique instrument. The approach to playing fretless bass is much more like playing upright bass than to fretted bass. This book will cover many of the important techniques required to become a good fretless bassist. Some of these include slides, intonation development, and sustain. The 100 examples are written in bass clef and TAB (to suggest positions). All examples included on companion CD. 64 pages. Book is part of the 5'x8' Mel Bay QWICKGUIDE series.
Write Review  Read Reviews

Save Cart
US$7.95
100 R&B SOUL GROOVES FOR BASS

click to see more
click to see more

No reviews

This 5˝' x 8' QWIKGUIDE book/CD set focuses on classic R&B/Soul bass grooves from the 1940's -1970's; Rhythm and Blues bass lines mixing Motown, Memphis (soul/gospel) and New Orleans (funk) feels. 30 examples written in standard bass clef notation and TAB and all are contained on the companion CD with a full rhythm section. The examples will vary from basic to very complex. Written in standard notation and TAB. 72 pages. Includes audio CD.
Write Review  Read Reviews

Save Cart
US$7.95
100 ROCK AND ROLL WORKOUTS FOR BASS

click to see more
click to see more

No reviews

This book focuses on many classic Rock & Roll style grooves. The grooves vary in difficulty from beginner to intermediate. All 50 examples are recorded on an accompanying CD. This book is written in bass clef and TAB. Many of the examples contain two different TAB fingering options. This book is perfect for most any beginning student. 64 pages. Book is part of the 5'x8' Mel Bay QWICKGUIDE series.
Write Review  Read Reviews

Save Cart
US$7.95
30 DAY BASS WORKOUT

click to see more
click to see more

No reviews

An Exercise Plan for Bassists
This enjoyable and challenging exercise routine will prepare you for the rigors of contemporary bass playing and sharpen your technique. The strategy focuses on warm-ups and stretching, exercises for strength, agility and stamina, and specific techniques such as hammer-ons and pull-offs. Written in standard notation and Tab.
This is the same title as AP038, but does NOT include the DVD. This is the book only version.
Write Review  Read Reviews

Save Cart
US$7.50
50 MODAL SLAP BASS WORKOUTS

click to see more
click to see more

2 Reviews

This 5 1/2" by 8" QWIKGUIDE was created for the bassist who has mastered the basics of slap bass and wants to expand his or her skills. Many of this book's examples were written to fine tune individual string control -- the ability to thumb or pop on any string at any time. Individual string control is one of the most common weaknesses with slap bass students. Some of this book's examples are common fingerstyle workouts that are arranged for slapping. Developing the ability to slap finger style bass lines gives the bassist an amazing skill. This book covers some very advanced slap techniques, including triple pops and the flamenco thumb technique. Written in tablature only for the four-string bass. Includes audio CD. 48 pages.
Write Review  Read Reviews

Save Cart
US$7.95
50 TWO-HAND TAPPING WORKOUTS FOR ELECTRIC BASS

click to see more
click to see more

1 Reviews

This 5 1/2" by 8" QWIKGUIDE book presents 50 brief exercises to practice the tapping technique, with each example demonstrated on the accompanying CD. In two-hand tapping on electric bass, your right and left hands both play notes. This is a fairly new concept on bass. New techniques and ideas are being created regularly. Tapping is being applied to all sorts of musical styles including blues, alternative, jazz, funk, and even classical. This book presents 50 brief exercises to practice the tapping technique, with each example demonstrated on the accompanying CD. Try applying the techniques in this book to your favorite styles of music. Written in standard notation and TAB. Includes audio CD. 56 pages.
Write Review  Read Reviews

Save Cart
US$7.95
BASIC BASS LINES

click to see more
click to see more

No reviews

This superb study book or method supplement for any bass student contains 19 bass rhythm parts in a mixture of popular styles, including shuffles, reggae, rock, swing, standard walking bass, be-bop, 'newgrass,' syncopated Latin lines, the jazz waltz, and country western. Written in standard notation and TAB. 32 pages.
Write Review  Read Reviews

Save Cart
US$7.95
BASS ARPEGGIO FINDER

click to see more
click to see more

2 Reviews

Easy-to-Use guide illustrating over Learn to use the entire fretboard with the Bass Arpeggio Finder. This book contains over 1,300 arpeggio shapes, covering 28 different qualities for each key, with each quality is presented in four different shapes.
Write Review  Read Reviews

Save Cart
US$6.95
BASS BASICS

click to see more
click to see more

2 Reviews

This book covers the fundamentals you'll need to start on your journey towards mastering this instrument. The bass: it's such a fun and versatile instrument to play. As a member of the rhythm section, the bass helps to drive the band and define the harmony for the song, but it can also step into the spotlight and take a solo, or even play a melody. This book covers the fundamentals you'll need to start on your journey towars mastering this instrument: the fundamentals you'll need to start on your journey towards mastering this instrument: the various parts of the bass, how to tune and restring, how to develop strength and dexterity in both hands, and how to create and play some common bass lines. This book also provides some helpful tips on how to practice, and all of the exercises have been recorded for you to hear and play along with. Written in standard notation and TAB. Includes audio CD. 40 pages.
Write Review  Read Reviews

Save Cart
US$9.95
BASS CHORDS

click to see more
click to see more

No reviews

This QWIKGUIDE book provides a comprehensive electric bass chord reference in a convenient 5 1/2"x 8" format. Chords are shown in chord grids as well as in standard notation, while individual root notes are shown in fretboard diagrams. The book concludes with a set of harmonized major and minor scales followed by a page of assorted blues progressions. This compact book will take you a long way towards unlocking the harmonic mysteries of the bass fretboard. Written in fretboard diagrams. 64 pages.
Write Review  Read Reviews

Save Cart
US$7.95
BASS FOR GUITARISTS

click to see more
click to see more

No reviews

The ultimate transition book, designed to help you make a fast and easy switch from guitar to bass! This is a complete and concise guide to modifying and adapting guitar technique for the bass. It also includes special sections on walking bass lines, slapping and popping, harmonic development, scales, modes, and much more! 39 pages. Written in Standard Notation and TAB.
Write Review  Read Reviews

Save Cart
US$5.95
BASS GUITAR CHART

click to see more
click to see more

1 Reviews

36'X24' Bass Guitar Reference Poster/Chart - Shows Fingerboard Notes & Chords.
Write Review  Read Reviews

Save Cart
US$9.95
BASS GUITAR CHORD CHART

click to see more
click to see more

No reviews

A concise collection of bass chords in all 12 keys. This chart shows all major, minor, augmented, diminished, minor 6th, major 7th, and suspended 4th added 7th chords. Root notes are clearly marked as diamonds and all the other chord tones are shown as circles for ease of playing. Also includes a chart showing names and locations of notes on all frets and strings, enharmonic equivalents, and their positions within the bass clef.
Write Review  Read Reviews

Save Cart
US$4.95
BASS LINES IN MINUTES - AN EASY METHOD FOR CREATING BASS LINES (BASS)

click to see more
click to see more

No reviews

For beginning bassists, walking bass lines can be very confusing. This method is a quick way of learning to walk through changes. Endorsed by North Texas State band director Neil Slater. Written in standard notation (no TAB). 40 pages.
Write Review  Read Reviews

Save Cart
US$9.95
BASS METHOD BOOK 1 (2ND EDITION)

click to see more
click to see more

No reviews

The Hal Leonard Bass Method is designed for anyone just learning to play electric bass. It is based on years of teaching bass students of all ages, and it also reflects some of the best bass teaching ideas from around the world! The second edition has been totally revised and features all new engravings and photos. The books have been updated to meet the needs of today's bass students by renowned bassist and author Ed Friedland. 47 pages. Includes audio CD.
Write Review  Read Reviews

Save Cart
US$9.95
BASS METHOD BOOK 2 (2ND EDITION)

click to see more
click to see more

No reviews

This is Book 2 of the Hal Leonard Bass Method Series. There are 3 books in total. The complete series have been rewritten by Ed Friedland. This books picks up where Vol. 1 ends and takes things further. Songs are written in tab and standard notation. Scales and other examples are written in standard notation only. 47 pages. Includes audio CD with play-alongs.
Write Review  Read Reviews

Save Cart
US$9.95
BASS METHOD BOOK 3 (2ND EDITION)

click to see more
click to see more

No reviews

This is Book 3 of the Hal Leonard Bass Method Series. There are 3 books in total. The complete series have been rewritten by Ed Friedland. Book 3 follows Books 2 and rounds out the complete series. Songs are written in tab and standard notation. Scales and other examples are written in standard notation only. 47 pages. Includes audio CD with play-alongs.
Write Review  Read Reviews

Save Cart
US$9.95
BASS SCALES WALL CHART

click to see more
click to see more

2 Reviews

This 36' X 24' poster presents the most commonly used scales and modes with fretboard diagrams for four-string bass.
Write Review  Read Reviews

Save Cart
US$9.95
BEGINNING BASS VOLUME ONE - DVD

click to see more
click to see more

No reviews

This DVD describes the parts of the bass, and covers: how to tune and set up an amp; finger technique; positions and scales; harmonics and octaves; making a tight rhythm section; blues, funk and rock licks; jamming with a live band; and more. Includes a detailed booklet.
Write Review  Read Reviews

Save Cart
US$9.95
BUILDING AMAZING BASS TECNIQUE

click to see more
click to see more

1 Reviews

This 5 1/2" x 8" QWIKGUIDE(TM) book/CD set focuses on fingerstyle speed building. Topics covered include: arpeggio workouts, linear patterns, one-octave scales, tow-octave scales, diminished workouts, and more. There are also special sections for five to six string bass. These exercises are designed to train your mind as well as your hands. Written in standard notation and TAB. Includes audio CD. 32 pages.
Write Review  Read Reviews

Save Cart
US$5.95
CHRISTMAS CLASSICS FOR BASS

click to see more
click to see more

No reviews

Holiday favorites arranged for bass in notes & tab: Blue Christmas • Frosty the Snow Man • A Holly Jolly Christmas • A Marshmallow World • My Favorite Things • Silver Bells • Suzy Snowflake • and more!
Write Review  Read Reviews

Save Cart
US$9.95
CHRISTMAS SONGS FOR BASS

click to see more
click to see more

No reviews

24 Melodies Arranged for 4-String Electric Bass
Grab your bass and join the caroling party with this book featuring 24 holiday classics, including:
Write Review  Read Reviews

Save Cart
US$9.95
EASY POP BASS LINES

click to see more
click to see more

No reviews

Play your favorite hits from The Beatles, Nirvana, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Garth Brooks, Eric Clapton and more with this songbook that correlates with Book 1 of the Hal Leonard Bass Method! The songs are presented in order of difficulty, beginning with simple one- and two-string bass lines and ending with songs that contain many notes, including all four strings. Gives beginning bass students great pop & rock songs to play while they are still learning!
Write Review  Read Reviews

Save Cart
US$5.95
EVEN MORE EASY POP BASS LINES

click to see more
click to see more

No reviews

This songbook correlates with Book 3 of the Hal Leonard Bass Method, giving beginning students great pop & rock songs to play while they are still learning! Includes 20 favorites. The songs are presented in order of difficulty, beginning with sixteenth-note rhythms and ending with slap and pop technique. 70 pages. Written in standard notation only (no tab).
Write Review  Read Reviews

Save Cart
US$5.95
FAMOUS BLUES BASS LINES

click to see more
click to see more

No reviews

Blues music is a sturdy, adaptable music that reflects many shades of emotions and lends itself to numerous stylistic interpretations. This 5 1/2" by 8" QWIKGUIDE is designed to help the bassist become more versatile. Each blues bass pattern in this book is played over four bars of C7. By practicing all 50 licks over the same chord progression, students can learn the basic concept of improvisation: how to play a variety of musical phrases over the same chord or chord changes. Each example is written in both notation and tablature exactly as it is recorded. The accompanying CD, featuring Larry McCabe's Heat-Seeking Missile Blues Band is recorded in stereo with drums and rhythm guitar in the center, bass guitar on the left, and lead guitar on the right. The licks are recorded at a moderate tempo for ease of learning. The rhythm guitar parts heard on the CD are taught in Mel Bay's 101 Bad to the Bone Blues Guitar Rhythm Patterns. The lead guitar parts are taught in Mel Bay's Famous Blues Guitar Lines. Written in standard notation and TAB. Includes audio CD. 32 pages.
Write Review  Read Reviews

Save Cart
US$7.95
FAMOUS JAZZ BASS CHORD PROGRESSIONS

click to see more
click to see more

No reviews

This 5 1/2" by 8" QWIKGUIDE shows bassists how to play along with popular jazz chord progressions. The examples demonstrate how to use triads, arpeggios, scales, and passing tones in swing, be-bop, bossa nova, and ballad styles. Includes audio CD. Written in standard notation and TAB.
Write Review  Read Reviews

Save Cart
US$7.95
FAMOUS ROCK & BLUES BASS CHORD PROGRESSIONS

click to see more
click to see more

No reviews

This 5 1/2' by 8' QWIKGUIDE shows bassists how to play along with popular rock & blues chord progressions. The examples show chord symbols and sample bass lines. The audio CD plays each example both with the bass included and without so you can practice along.
Write Review  Read Reviews

Save Cart
US$7.95
FANTASIA FOR UNACCOMPANIED DOUBLE BASS

click to see more
click to see more

No reviews

Published by the University of Miami Music Publications. This title is study book #UM-163. This is a 3 part/movement Fantasia (Fantasia, Largo & Presto). Written in standard notation (no tablature).
Write Review  Read Reviews

Save Cart
US$5.00
FASTTRACK BASS METHOD - BOOK 1

click to see more
click to see more

2 Reviews

A ground zero beginner bass players book. Covers riffs, scales, lines with popular songs and examples. Standard notation and tab. 48 pages. Includes audio cd.
Write Review  Read Reviews

Save Cart
US$7.95
FASTTRACK BASS METHOD - BOOK 2

click to see more
click to see more

No reviews

Title #2 in the series covers muting, popping, slap and more advanced techniques. Standard notation and tab. 48 pages. Includes audio cd.
Write Review  Read Reviews

Save Cart
US$9.95
FIRST LESSONS - BASS

click to see more
click to see more

No reviews

First Lessons Bass is intended to introduce beginning students to the fundamental concepts of playing the electric bass. The material covered in this book is approximately the material covered in the first 8 lessons of private bass instruction. This book makes use of the '3-finger' left hand position commonly found in double bass technique. The emphasis on left hand technique allows the student to develop a consistent fingering approach to the fingerboard, reduces unnecessary strain on the left hand, and makes the bass more accessible to younger students or students with small hands. After the left hand technique has been established, the book introduces the student to important elements of bass line construction including blues patterns, the root-fifth relationship, and common rhythmic patterns. Written in standard notation only (no TAB). Includes audio CD. 32 pages.
Write Review  Read Reviews

Save Cart
US$7.95
FIVE-STRING BASS CHORD CHART

click to see more
click to see more

No reviews

This chord chart created for the 5-string bass shows major, minor, 7th, 6th, augmented, diminished, and many other chords. A fretboard chart showing the notes on each string is also included. Written in fretboard diagrams. 4 pages (it's a 2 page foldout).
Write Review  Read Reviews

Save Cart
US$4.95
JAMEY ABERSOLD PLAY ALONG-VOL. 12 DUKE ELLINGTON-BASS LINE TRANSCRIPTIONS

click to see more
click to see more

No reviews

Ron Carter bass lines. This is your chance to get ALL of the bass lines from the popular play-a-long 'Vol. 12 Duke Ellington!' Here you will find Ron's bass lines to many of the most well-known standards ever written, including Satin Doll, Take The A Train, and others (See 'Volume 12 Duke Ellington' below for complete contents.) Lines are written in bass clef with chord symbols above each measure. There is no better way to learn the art of professional bass lines than to study the work of a master, the legendary Ron Carter. 19 pages. Written in standard notation (NO TAB).
Write Review  Read Reviews

Save Cart
US$6.95
JAMEY AEBERSOLD PLAY-ALONG VOL. 01 & 03 'JAZZ: HOW TO PLAY AND IMPROVISE & II/V7/I PROGRESSION' - BASS LINE TRANSCRIPTIONS

click to see more
click to see more

No reviews

Complete bass line transcription book from Vol. 1 "JAZZ: How to Play and Improvise" and Vol. 3 "II/V7/I Progression" - featuring the great jazz bassist Rufus Reid. For All musicians wishing to learn fantastic bass lines. While reading from the book, play along with the bassist on the recording (sold separately) until you feel you’ve mastered his “feel” and nuances. Then, using the special stereo separation on all of our Play-A-Long recordings, switch the bassist off and play along by yourself with just the piano and drums! This book (like all the Aebersold bass line transcription books) is a great study in professional bass line construction, and is a natural companion to the Aebersold Play-A-Longs. Combo instructors can use this book to give their bass students instant, professional bass lines. Includes notes in bass clef with chord symbols above each measure.

An absolutely essential introduction method for every bass player wishing to learn the art of professional bass walking. Two Volumes of Bass Lines in one book! 80 minutes of written Jazz bass lines! Written in standard notation (no TAB). 58 pages.
Write Review  Read Reviews

Save Cart
US$9.95
JAMEY AEBERSOLD PLAY-ALONG VOL. 06 'ALL BIRD' - BASS LINE TRANSCRIPTIONS

click to see more
click to see more

No reviews

Complete bass line transcription book from Vol. 6 'All Bird' featuring Ron Carter. While reading from the book, play along with the bassist on the recording (sold separately) until you feel you’ve mastered his “feel” and nuances. 19 pages. Written in standard notation (no tab).
RELATED PUBLICATIONS:
Play Along Vol. 6
Write Review  Read Reviews

Save Cart
US$6.95
JAMEY AEBERSOLD PLAY-ALONG VOL. 15 'PAYIN' DUES' - BASS LINE TRANSCRIPTIONS

click to see more
click to see more

No reviews

This book (like all the Aebersold bass line transcription books) is a great study in professional bass line construction, and is a natural companion to the Aebersold Play-A-Longs. Combo instructors can use this book to give their bass students instant, professional bass lines. Includes notes in bass clef with chord symbols above each measure. 25 pages. Written in standard notation (no tab).
Write Review  Read Reviews

Save Cart
US$5.95
JAMEY AEBERSOLD PLAY-ALONG VOL. 25 'ALL-TIME FAVORITES' - BASS LINE TRANSCRIPTIONS

click to see more
click to see more

No reviews

This book (like all the Aebersold bass line transcription books) is a great study in professional bass line construction, and is a natural companion to the Aebersold Play-A-Longs. Combo instructors can use this book to give their bass students instant, professional bass lines. Includes notes in bass clef with chord symbols above each measure. 38 pages. Written in standard notation (no tab).
Write Review  Read Reviews

Save Cart
US$5.95
JAMEY AEBERSOLD PLAY-ALONG VOL. 34 'JAM SESSION' - BASS LINE TRANSCRIPTIONS

click to see more
click to see more

No reviews

Complete bass line transcription book from Vol. 34 'Jam Session' - featuring Steve Gilmore is for All musicians wishing to learn fantastic bass lines. While reading from the book, play along with the bassist on the recording (sold separately) until you feel you’ve mastered his “feel” and nuances.... 38 pages. Written in standard notation (no tab).
Write Review  Read Reviews

Save Cart
US$5.95
JAMEY AEBERSOLD PLAY-ALONG VOL. 35 - BASS LINE TRANSCRIPTIONS

click to see more
click to see more

No reviews

Complete bass line transcription book from Vol. 35 'Cedar Walton' - featuring Ron Carter is for all musicians wishing to learn fantastic bass lines. While reading from the book, play along with the bassist on the recording (sold separately) until you feel you’ve mastered his “feel” and nuances.... 25 pages. Written in standard notation (no tab).
Write Review  Read Reviews

Save Cart
US$6.95
JAMEY AEBERSOLD PLAY-ALONG VOL. 37 'SAMMY NESTICO' - BASS LINE TRANSCRIPTIONS

click to see more
click to see more

No reviews

Complete bass line transcription book from Vol. 37 'Sammy Nestico' - featuring Todd Coolman is for all musicians wishing to learn fantastic bass lines. While reading from the book, play along with the bassist on the recording (sold separately) until you feel you’ve mastered his “feel” and nuances.... 16 pages. Written in standard notation (no tab).
Write Review  Read Reviews

Save Cart
US$5.95



  

Change Currency

American Dollar

Chosen Currency
American Dollar

Download Offline Order Form
Purchase Gift Certificates
Discontinued Products
Login/Manage Your Account
Shipping Info
Website Security
Ebook Download Info
Low Price Guarantee
How To Order Info
Payment Option Info
Refund & Exchange Info
Shopping Tips
Defective Merchandise Info
Customer Comments
Countries We've Shipped To
Free Stuff ---BassPod ---Downloads ---Lessons ---Pod Casts ---Transcriptions ---Videos
Other Great Websites
Contact Us
Online Partner Program Info
We offer discounts based on the quantity of titles purchased. Discounts are automatically applied to your order (making purchases as easy as ever).

DISCOUNT STRUCTURE
1 5% OFF
2-5 10% OFF
6 - 9 15% OFF
10-19 20% OFF
20+ 25% OFF
PLEASE NOTE:
Discounts apply to merchandise only - not shipping and handling fees). Extended discounts valid through 12/31/2009.
E-Mail:



Manage Your
Subscription Here
Copyright © 1998-2010 BassBooks.com. All Rights Reserved.